Ancient Indus Valley Civilization

The Ancient Indus Valley Civilization, existing around 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was one of the world's earliest urban cultures. Notable for its advanced city planning, it featured well-designed streets, extensive drainage systems, and uniform brick construction. The civilization's major cities, like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, showcased thriving trade and agricultural practices. Although their writing system remains undeciphered, their sophisticated social structure hints at organized governance and economic stability. The decline of this civilization remains a mystery, influenced by factors like climate change and resource depletion, leading to its eventual abandonment by around 1500 BCE.