actus reus

Actus reus refers to the physical act or unlawful conduct that constitutes a crime. It is the external component, such as physically harming someone or stealing property. For a person to be criminally liable, there must be a clear voluntary act or an omission (failure to act when legally required) that breaches the law. Actus reus is often contrasted with mens rea, which concerns the mental intent. Together, these elements establish the foundation for criminal responsibility. In essence, actus reus is the tangible action or inaction that causes the criminal offense.