Vertical zonation

Vertical zonation refers to the distinct layers or regions that develop along an elevation gradient, such as on mountains or hills. As altitude increases, environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, and soil quality change predictably. This results in different plant and animal communities occupying specific zones—like foothills, mid-slopes, and alpine regions—each adapted to those conditions. Vertical zonation helps us understand how ecosystems transition gradually with height, creating recognizable bands of vegetation and wildlife from the base to the summit. It reflects how organisms adapt to the shifting climate and environment as elevation increases.