Vatican II (Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican)

Vatican II, held from 1962 to 1965, was a major meeting of Catholic Church leaders that aimed to modernize the Church and foster better understanding with the world. It introduced reforms such as opening dialogue with other religions, encouraging the use of local languages in Mass instead of Latin, and emphasizing the role of laity (ordinary church members). The council sought to renew the Church’s mission, making it more accessible and relevant to contemporary society, while reaffirming core doctrines. Overall, Vatican II marked a significant shift toward a more open, inclusive, and engaged Church.