vacuum states

A vacuum state is often thought of as "empty space," but in physics, it’s more complex. It’s the lowest energy state of a quantum field, meaning it contains no particles at rest, but still exhibits fluctuations due to quantum uncertainty. These tiny, spontaneous energy variations mean the vacuum isn’t truly empty; it’s a dynamic backdrop that influences particles and fields. Essentially, a vacuum state is the baseline energy level in the universe, providing a foundation for the behavior of particles and forces within quantum mechanics.