universality classes

Universality classes are groups of different physical systems that behave similarly near critical points, like during phase transitions (e.g., liquid to gas). Despite having different microscopic details, systems in the same class share common properties such as critical exponents and scaling behavior, determined mainly by factors like dimensionality and symmetry. This means that studying one system can help understand others in the same class, simplifying the complexity of diverse phenomena by revealing underlying universal patterns.