Unfolded protein response (UPR)

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular process that helps cells manage stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, where proteins are made and folded. If proteins aren’t folding properly, it causes a buildup of unfolded or misfolded proteins, which can be harmful. The UPR detects this imbalance and activates mechanisms to restore normal function by reducing new protein production, increasing the capacity to fold proteins correctly, or removing the misfolded proteins. If the stress is too severe or persists, the UPR can also initiate cell death to prevent damage to the organism.