unfolded protein response signaling pathways

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular process that occurs when the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), responsible for protein folding, is overwhelmed with misfolded proteins. UPR signaling pathways detect this stress and activate responses to restore balance. They do this by halting new protein production, increasing production of molecular tools to fold proteins correctly, and removing faulty proteins. If stress persists, UPR can also trigger cell death to prevent damage. These pathways involve sensors like PERK, IRE1, and ATF6, which coordinate these activities to maintain cell health and function.