Typing Systems

Typing systems are frameworks used to categorize and verify the kinds of data that programming languages handle, such as numbers, text, or more complex structures. They help ensure that operations on data are valid—for example, preventing a program from trying to add a number to text, which would cause errors. Types serve as rules that guide how data can be used, improving program safety, readability, and maintainability. Different languages have varying levels of type strictness, from flexible (dynamic types) to highly formal (static types), balancing ease of use with robustness.