Transporters

Transporters are specialized proteins found in cell membranes that facilitate the movement of substances—such as ions, nutrients, and drugs—into and out of cells. They work by binding to specific molecules and changing shape to transport them across the membrane. This process is essential for maintaining cellular functions, as it regulates the internal environment of the cell, ensuring it has the necessary materials to operate efficiently. Transporters can function through active transport, which requires energy, or passive transport, which relies on natural concentration gradients.