Toba Supervolcano (not to be confused with Mount Tambora)

Toba is a supervolcano located in Indonesia, known for its massive eruption around 74,000 years ago. This eruption released an enormous volume of ash and volcanic gases, causing a “volcanic winter” that significantly cooled global climate and may have nearly wiped out human populations at the time. Unlike regular volcanoes, supervolcanoes produce caldera-forming eruptions with thousands of cubic kilometers of material expelled. Today, Toba’s caldera is filled with a lake, and while it remains a potential threat, it is closely monitored because future eruptions could have widespread environmental and climatic impacts.