Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement)

The Three Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—are guiding principles in ethical animal research. Replacement encourages using alternatives like cells or computer models instead of live animals whenever possible. Reduction aims to use the fewest animals necessary to obtain reliable results, minimizing exposure. Refinement involves modifying procedures to lessen pain, suffering, or stress for animals that are used. Together, these principles promote humane, responsible research by balancing scientific progress with animal welfare, ensuring ethical standards are maintained throughout the scientific process.