Thermalization

Thermalization is the process by which a system reaches a uniform temperature through the exchange of energy among its particles. When particles collide or interact, they transfer energy until their energies balance out, resulting in a state where temperature is consistent throughout the system. This process explains how hot objects cool down and how systems attain thermal equilibrium, where no further net energy transfer occurs internally. Essentially, thermalization is nature’s way of spreading out energy evenly until overall uniformity—thermal equilibrium—is achieved.