Theory X

Theory X is a managerial belief that assumes employees are inherently lazy, lack ambition, and need frequent supervision and control to be productive. Managers with this view tend to think workers avoid responsibility and prefer to be directed rather than self-motivated. As a result, they often rely on strict rules, penalties, and close oversight to ensure tasks are completed. This approach can create a more authoritarian work environment and may overlook employees’ potential for initiative and self-direction.