Theories X and Y

Theories X and Y are management ideas about worker motivation. Theory X assumes that employees dislike work, need constant supervision, and must be controlled through threats or rewards. Managers following this view tend to be directive and authoritative. In contrast, Theory Y sees workers as naturally motivated, responsible, and eager to contribute if they find their work meaningful. Such managers trust employees more, encourage participation, and foster a collaborative environment. These theories help managers understand different leadership styles based on their beliefs about employee motivation and behavior.