The Science of Muddling Through (the original paper)

"The Science of Muddling Through," by Charles Lindblom, explains that decision-makers often avoid complex, comprehensive planning because it’s difficult to analyze all options thoroughly. Instead, they use a process called "incrementalism," making small, manageable adjustments based on previous experiences and limited analysis. This approach allows organizations to adapt gradually, reducing risks and unintended consequences. Lindblom suggests that rather than striving for perfect solutions, policymakers benefit from continuous, step-by-step changes that are easier to implement and monitor, making decision-making more practical and efficient in complex environments.