The Reformation and Counter-Reformation

The Reformation was a 16th-century movement that challenged the Catholic Church's practices and teachings, led by figures like Martin Luther, who sought reform and emphasized personal faith and scripture over Church authority. This led to the establishment of Protestantism. In response, the Catholic Church initiated the Counter-Reformation to address these criticisms, reaffirm its doctrines, and enhance its influence. This included the Council of Trent, which clarified Church teachings and reformed clerical practices. Both movements significantly shaped Western Christianity and culture, resulting in deep religious, social, and political changes across Europe.