The Ottomans: Khans, Caesars and Caliphs

The Ottoman Empire was a powerful Muslim empire from the 14th to early 20th century, with leadership structures similar to other great states. "Khan" typically refers to Central Asian rulers or tribes; the Ottomans used the title "Sultan," combining political and religious authority. "Caesars" (or "Kaisers") relates to emperors like the Romans and Germans, emphasizing imperial grandeur—some Ottoman sultans styled themselves as caliphs, spiritual leaders of Sunni Islam, akin to religious rulers. "Caliphs" were successors to Muhammad, leading the Muslim community. The Ottomans blended these roles, asserting political dominance and religious legitimacy across their diverse territories.