The Old Pretender (James Francis Edward Stuart)

James Francis Edward Stuart, known as the Old Pretender, was the son of James II of England and a key figure in the Jacobite movement, which sought to restore the Stuart dynasty to the throne after they were ousted in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Born in 1688, he claimed the thrones of England and Scotland and became a symbol of resistance against Protestant rule. After failed uprisings, including the Jacobite rising of 1715, he lived much of his life in exile. The "Pretender" title reflects his claim to legitimacy despite never having ruled.