The Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization, flourishing around 2600 to 1900 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India, was one of the world's earliest advanced urban societies. Known for its well-planned cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, it featured sophisticated drainage systems, standardized brick construction, and organized street layouts. The civilization engaged in trade, developed early writing systems (still undeciphered), and produced exquisite crafts and pottery. Its decline remains a mystery, possibly due to environmental changes or shifting river patterns. The Indus Valley Civilization significantly influenced the history and culture of South Asia.