Testudo (tortoise)

Testudo, meaning "tortoise" in Latin, refers to a defensive formation used by ancient Roman soldiers. In this formation, soldiers grouped tightly together, holding their shields overhead and on the sides to create a protective barrier resembling a tortoise shell. This staff-enclosed shield wall shielded the troops from projectiles like arrows and spears while they advanced cautiously. The testudo was especially effective during sieges or when approaching enemy fortifications, demonstrating disciplined teamwork and strategic use of protective gear to ensure collective safety.