surface substrates

Surface substrates are the foundational materials or surfaces that support or host other materials, such as coatings, films, or biological entities. Think of them as the "base" or "platform" onto which other layers are applied or attached. Common examples include glass, metal, plastic, or natural materials like wood. The properties of a substrate—like its texture, chemical makeup, and smoothness—affect how well coatings or other materials adhere and function. Understanding substrates is essential in industries like electronics, manufacturing, and biomedical fields, ensuring that surface interactions are optimized for durability, performance, or biological compatibility.