Surface science techniques

Surface science techniques study the physical and chemical properties of surfaces and interfaces. These methods help scientists understand how materials interact at their surfaces, which is vital for applications like catalysts, electronic devices, and coatings. Common techniques include scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which visualizes surfaces at the atomic level; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which analyzes the elemental composition and chemical states; and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which measures surface topography. By examining these characteristics, researchers can design better materials and improve processes in various industries, from electronics to nanotechnology.