surface-active agents (surfactants)

Surface-active agents, or surfactants, are compounds that reduce the surface tension between liquids and solids or between two liquids. They have a unique molecular structure with a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail and a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head. This structure allows them to break down grease, dirt, and oils, making them easier to wash away. Surfactants are common in cleaning products, laundry detergents, and personal care items. By positioning themselves at surfaces, they help liquids spread more easily and improve cleaning efficiency, playing a key role in many everyday formulations.