Sunni-Shi'a split

The Sunni-Shi'a split originated shortly after the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, over who should succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. Sunnis believe that the leader (caliph) should be chosen by consensus or election, honoring Muhammad’s close companions. Shi'a Muslims hold that leadership should stay within Muhammad’s family, specifically appointing his cousin and son-in-law, Ali. This disagreement about succession led to cultural, theological, and political differences, shaping distinct religious practices and identities that persist today. The split is a foundational aspect of Islamic history, influencing social and political dynamics in many Muslim-majority societies.