substrate engineering

Substrate engineering involves designing and optimizing the material or surface upon which a device, such as a semiconductor or catalyst, is built. By carefully selecting and modifying the substrate’s properties—like its composition, structure, and surface qualities—scientists can improve the performance, efficiency, and durability of the resulting device. This process is crucial in electronics, energy storage, and nanotechnology, as it ensures better electrical conductivity, thermal management, and overall reliability. Essentially, substrate engineering fine-tunes the foundation of a device to achieve desired functionality and long-term stability.