SU(2) x U(1)

SU(2) × U(1) is a mathematical framework used in particle physics to describe the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces, unified in the Standard Model. SU(2) represents a symmetry related to weak isospin, governing weak interactions, while U(1) corresponds to hypercharge, associated with electric charge. Together, they form a gauge symmetry that explains how particles like W and Z bosons mediate weak forces and how these forces unify with electromagnetism at high energies. This structure helps physicists understand how fundamental particles acquire mass and interact through these forces.