Sigma Bonding

Sigma bonding refers to a type of covalent bond where two atomic orbitals overlap directly along the axis connecting the nuclei, forming a stable electron density region between them. This overlap results in a strong bond that holds atoms together, common in single bonds and participate in multiple bonding situations. Sigma bonds allow for free rotation around the bond axis and are fundamental in determining the shape and stability of molecules. They are characterized by their symmetry, being the first bond formed between atoms, providing the primary connection in molecular structures.