sample size calculation

Sample size calculation is a method used to determine how many participants are needed in a study to ensure that results are meaningful and reliable. It takes into account the desired confidence level (how sure we want to be about the results), the expected effect size (the magnitude of the difference or relationship we hope to find), and the variability in the population being studied. Properly calculating sample size helps minimize errors and ensures that findings can be generalized to a larger group, making research more effective and trustworthy.