Russell and Burch (principles of the 3Rs)

Russell and Burch introduced the 3Rs principles—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—to improve animal research ethics. Replacement encourages using non-animal methods when possible. Reduction aims to minimize the number of animals used without compromising results. Refinement focuses on improving techniques to lessen animal pain and distress. These principles promote more humane and responsible scientific practices, balancing the pursuit of knowledge with animal welfare. They guide researchers to conduct studies ethically and responsibly while still obtaining valid scientific data.