Quantum Vacuum

The quantum vacuum is not empty but a fluctuating space filled with tiny, spontaneous energy changes called virtual particles. These fluctuations happen constantly, briefly creating pairs of particles and antiparticles that quickly annihilate each other. This restless activity affects physical phenomena, like the patterns of cosmic radiation and forces such as gravity. The quantum vacuum underpins many aspects of modern physics and reveals that even "nothingness" has a rich, dynamic structure at the smallest scales.