Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controllers

A Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is a type of feedback mechanism used to maintain desired system performance, often in industrial processes. It does this by adjusting an output based on three key components: 1. **Proportional**: responds to the current error (the difference between desired and actual performance), 2. **Integral**: considers the accumulation of past errors to eliminate steady-state mistakes, 3. **Derivative**: anticipates future errors by looking at the rate of change of the error. Together, these elements help the system reach and maintain a target value smoothly and accurately.