Pramāṇa

Pramāṇa refers to the means or methods through which knowledge or valid understanding is acquired. In certain philosophical traditions, especially in Indian philosophy, pramāṇa are recognized as reliable sources of knowledge, such as direct perception, logical reasoning, or trustworthy testimony. They serve as systematic ways to distinguish true knowledge from false beliefs. Essentially, pramāṇa helps us establish what we can confidently know about the world based on sound methods, ensuring our understanding is grounded in evidence and rationality.