post-translational modifications

Post-translational modifications are chemical changes that happen to proteins after they are made. These modifications, such as adding phosphate groups or sugar molecules, help proteins fold into their proper shape, activate or deactivate their functions, or direct them to specific parts of the cell. Think of it as fine-tuning a machine after assembly, ensuring the protein works correctly within the body. These changes are essential for controlling how proteins behave and are crucial for normal cell function and response to signals.