Pharma companies (e.g., Novartis, Sanofi)

Pharmaceutical companies, like Novartis and Sanofi, research, develop, manufacture, and market medications to treat various health conditions. They invest significant resources into discovering new drugs, often involving years of clinical trials to ensure safety and effectiveness. These companies play a crucial role in improving public health by providing treatments for diseases, from common illnesses to complex conditions. They also work on vaccines and biologics. Revenue generated helps fund further research and development, but it also brings challenges such as high drug prices and the need for regulatory approval to ensure their products are safe for consumers.