Peltier effect

The Peltier effect occurs when an electric current passes through the junction of two different materials, causing heat to either be absorbed or released. This means one side of the junction gets cold while the other side heats up. It's used in thermoelectric devices like cooling modules. When current flows, electrons transfer heat energy between the materials, creating a temperature difference. The effect enables precise temperature control without moving parts, making it useful for cooling electronics or creating refrigeration systems at small scales.