pathophysiology of edema

Edema occurs when excess fluid accumulates in the tissues, often due to an imbalance in the body's fluid regulation. Normally, blood vessels, particularly tiny capillaries, allow fluid to pass into tissues to nourish them, and then reabsorb it into the bloodstream. If blood flow is disrupted, blood pressure rises, or the vessels become more permeable, more fluid leaks out or isn't drained properly. This causes swelling. Conditions like heart failure, kidney problems, or inflammation can impair fluid balance, leading to edema.