Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare blood disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own red blood cells. This causes these cells to break down prematurely, leading to anemia, fatigue, and other symptoms. The condition results from a mutation in blood stem cells, which makes them vulnerable to destruction by the body's complement system—a part of immune defense. PNH can cause episodes of dark urine (especially in the morning), blood clots, and fatigue. Treatment often involves medications to reduce immune attack and manage symptoms, improving quality of life.