Overdetermination

Overdetermination occurs when a single event or outcome is caused by multiple independent factors, each capable of producing the outcome on its own. In other words, more than one sufficient cause exists for the event to happen. If any one of these causes had been absent, the event still would have occurred because the others could have caused it independently. This concept highlights how complex causation can be, showing that some outcomes are not attributable to just one factor but result from the combined influence of several causes working together.