Orhan I

Orhan I was the second ruler of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1281 to 1359. He expanded the empire's territory in northwestern Anatolia and established key institutions, including a formal military and administration. Orhan is notable for adopting the title of Sultan, enhancing the empire's legitimacy. He promoted trade and culture, fostering relationships with neighboring Byzantines. His leadership laid the foundation for future expansion into Europe. Under his rule, the Ottomans began to develop a more structured and powerful state, setting the stage for the empire's significant growth in the following centuries.