operating principles of autoclaves

An autoclave operates by creating a high-pressure, high-temperature environment using saturated steam to sterilize equipment and supplies. The machine seals the contents inside, then heats water to produce steam, which increases pressure and temperature beyond boiling point. This combination effectively kills bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores by denaturing their proteins and disrupting cell structures. The controlled conditions ensure thorough sterilization in a relatively short time, making autoclaves essential in medical, laboratory, and industrial settings for maintaining sterile, safe environments.