Numerical Integration

Numerical integration is a method used to calculate the approximate value of an area under a curve when an exact formula is difficult or impossible to find. It involves breaking the area into smaller, manageable shapes—like rectangles or trapezoids—and summing their areas. Techniques such as the Trapezoidal Rule or Simpson's Rule systematically estimate the total area by improving the approximation based on the curve's behavior. This approach is essential in many fields for estimating definite integrals where analytical solutions are complex or unavailable, providing practical and efficient ways to analyze data and functions.