nonequilibrium thermodynamics

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics studies how energy, matter, and entropy behave when systems are changing and not in a stable, balanced state. Unlike equilibrium, where things are steady, nonequilibrium processes involve flows, reactions, and transformations—like a hot cup of coffee cooling down or biological cells functioning. It helps us understand the rules governing these dynamic systems, including how they produce entropy (disorder) and how they can be driven or controlled. This field is essential for explaining real-world phenomena, from climate patterns to energy devices, that are constantly evolving and far from balance.