neurobiology of depression

Depression is linked to changes in brain chemistry, structure, and function. Key neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which regulate mood, often show imbalances in those with depression. Additionally, areas of the brain involved in emotion and memory, such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, may be less active or altered. Stressful experiences can contribute by affecting hormone levels and inflammation, further influencing brain function. This complex interplay of biology leads to the feelings of sadness, anxiety, and low energy that characterize depression, underscoring its biological basis alongside environmental factors.