Narcissism Spectrum Model

The Narcissism Spectrum Model describes a range of traits related to self-focus and confidence, from healthy self-esteem to extreme self-centeredness. At one end, people have normal confidence and self-respect. As you move along the spectrum, some individuals develop narcissistic traits—like a need for admiration and a lack of empathy. In its most extreme form, this can lead to Narcissistic Personality Disorder, a mental health condition. The model emphasizes that narcissistic traits exist in varying degrees and are not all necessarily problematic, but when they become extreme, they can impact relationships and functioning.