Nanoscale grain refinement

Nanoscale grain refinement is a process that reduces the size of the individual crystals, or "grains," in a material to the nanometer scale (one billionth of a meter). Smaller grains can enhance the strength, toughness, and other desirable properties of metals and alloys. This is because the boundaries between grains can hinder the movement of defects, making the material more resistant to deformation. Nanoscale grain refinement is used in various industries, including aerospace and automotive, to create stronger and lighter materials, improving performance and durability in a range of applications.