molecular biology techniques

Molecular biology techniques are methods used to study and manipulate the molecules that make up living organisms, like DNA and proteins. For example, DNA extraction isolates genetic material; PCR (polymerase chain reaction) copies specific DNA segments rapidly; gel electrophoresis separates DNA or proteins by size; and DNA sequencing determines the exact order of genetic building blocks. These techniques help scientists understand gene functions, diagnose diseases, and develop treatments, providing insights into the fundamental processes of life at a molecular level.