Military campaigns against the Mongols

Military campaigns against the Mongols involved various efforts by different powers, such as the Yuan Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, and neighboring states, to stop their rapid expansion across Asia and into Europe. These campaigns included large armies, strategic defenses, and alliances aimed at halting Mongol invasions. Despite some successes, the Mongols' superior mobility, organization, and ruthless tactics often overwhelmed traditional armies. In response, many states adopted new defensive measures, like fortified walls and improved military strategies, trying to resist or contain the Mongol threat, though the Mongols ultimately established vast territories before their decline in the 14th century.