"Microbial Biofilms" (journal)

Microbial biofilms are complex communities of tiny organisms, like bacteria and fungi, that stick together and attach to surfaces such as medical devices, pipes, or teeth. These microorganisms produce a slimy, protective matrix made of sugars and proteins, which helps them survive harsh conditions and resist cleaning or antibiotics. Biofilms are important in both nature and human health—they can protect beneficial microbes but also cause infections and clog pipes. Understanding biofilms is essential for developing better ways to prevent and control their formation in healthcare, industry, and the environment.