Mamluk dynasty

The Mamluk Dynasty was a Muslim ruling class that governed Egypt and parts of the Middle East from the 13th to 16th centuries. Comprising mainly former slave soldiers, the Mamluks rose to power through military strength and maintained control through a combination of loyal armies and intricate political structures. They are known for defeating the Mongols and Crusaders, preserving Islamic culture, and developing vibrant cities like Cairo. Their rule ended when the Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt in 1517. The Mamluks left a lasting legacy in architecture, arts, and trade, shaping the region's history for centuries.